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EXPLANATION
Silk Printing - Stencil Printing
Screen printing, also known as Screen Printing, is a printing technique that is widely used in the textile industry, graphic arts and printmaking. In this technique; On the sieve-shaped mold made of silk, plastic or metal fabric stretched on a metal or wooden frame, the places to be printed are left open and the other places are covered by masking, painting or photomechanical methods. Then, the printing ink (ink) put into this sieve is scraped with a scraper (squeegee) to remove paper, glass, fabric, etc. from the open places. passed on the materials.
 
Screen Printing Equipment:Recognizing the necessary tools and equipment for the screen printing technique, which is frequently used in graphic arts and printmaking, is of great importance in terms of minimizing the problems in practice.
Gazeler (Screen weaves): It is possible to examine the gazes, which are generally called “silk” in colloquial language, in three groups.
Silk weaving:It is made from the best quality of natural silk. It keeps the absorption easier. It is flexible. It is frequently used in small and medium size prints as it has a lot of stretching possibilities.
Synthetic webbing:This fabric made of plastic material has high ink permeability and is very resistant to chemicals. It can be used for a long time. The emulsion is easy to clean.
Metal webbing:It is woven from bronze and stainless steel wires. It has very little flexibility. It loosens quickly, bends and breaks easily. It is very suitable for trichrome printing. Yarn thickness and yarn count in weaving are important in terms of ink permeability. Thread count indicates thread in cm2. The yarn thickness determines the strength of the weaving. There are four different yarn thicknesses in accordance with international standards: Thin (Small), Medium (Medium), Thick (Thick) and Very Heavy (Heavy Duty). As the thickness of the weaving yarns increases, the gap between the loops and the empty screen surface decrease. Generally, screen weavings are selected according to the number of threads suitable for the work to be printed. For example, 180-200 'weave' should be chosen for a screened picture, 130-140 'weave' should be selected for a fine print, and 40-50' woven fabric should be selected for printing on the jug.

Frames : The fabrics can be used after being stretched onto a wooden or metal frame. Although the wooden frame is deformed in humidity, temperature and silk stretching, it is the most used frame. It is light, easy to prepare and economical. Generally, the ones made of pine wood are preferred. Frame thickness can be 5x5 cm or 8x8 cm depending on the size of the sieve. It is beneficial to pre-paint the frame so that it is not affected by moisture and heat. Metal frames are made of aluminum or galvanized iron pipes measuring 40x40x2 mm.
Scrapers (Scrapers) : Squeegee is a scraper that allows the paint on the sieve to pass through the stencil holes to the surface to be printed. Scalpels are rubbers cut in different profiles. There are also wood, pine and steel ones. Rubber and rubber squeegees are used by attaching to wooden or aluminum holders. The squeegee should be chosen according to the type and shape of the material to be printed, the ink used, the degree of spreading of the ink on the surface and the characteristics of the printing motif.
Screen Printing Inks : Any ink can be used for screen printing. The important thing is to choose the paint that is suitable for the surface to be printed and the printing subject. In addition, this paint should have a consistency (thinness) suitable for the silk texture and the doctor blade structure. Nylon fabrics are resistant to acids and alkalis in printing ink. Silk fabrics are sensitive to alkalis.
Thinners, Retardants, Accelerators : Screen printing ink needs to be thinned enough to reduce its stickiness (viscosity). This thinning allows the ink to pass easily through the silk pores and to separate easily from the printing surface of the sieve. Thinner thinner may vary according to each paint series. Turpentine is a substance often used in paint thinning. It should not be forgotten that cellulosic paint will be thinned with cellulosic thinner and synthetic paint will be thinned with synthetic thinner. Retardant thinner delays the drying time of the ink on the surface. It is mostly used in summer to extend the drying time. Accelerator thinner accelerates the drying of the paint. Especially if a few colors will be printed without waiting, it is beneficial to add enough accelerator to the paint. This thinner is also generally preferred for prints in the winter months.
Cleaners : Residual dyes remaining on silk after printing are cleaned with cleaners suitable for the dye's properties. The cleaning work should be done very carefully and without haste so that the silk can be used for a long time. Cellulosic paints are cleaned with cellulosic thinner, synthetic or semi-synthetic paints are cleaned with synthetic thinner or turpentine.
Other Gadgets : There are some tools that are used while preparing molds, printing and after printing, which makes it easier to find them in an advanced screen printing workshop.

Screen printing bench machine or table:The screen printing machine is a mechanism that the sieve frame can be connected to, carries the ability to adjust the forward-backward, right-left shift, and holds the printing paper by vacuum under the perforated table surface. 
Light table:In order for the emulsion-coated silk to become a pattern, the work to be printed must be transferred to the silk with a strong light and exposed. For exposure, a chest with a light source at the bottom and an unbreakable glass at the top is used. The distance of the light from the glass must be greater than the diagonal of the upper surface.
Acetate, tracing, hyphen (line) film:The picture to be exposed on silk is first drawn with black ink on light-permeable surfaces such as acetate or tracing. During this drawing, the tracing may be slightly lettuce, but it is easy to work with because it absorbs the ink. In acetate, if the surface is not degreased, the applied ink does not adhere well and falls off. 
Silk wash (bath) environment and hose:Emulsions that do not absorb light on silk should be wetted and then poured by spraying water and washed. After the exposure, you need to take a bath without wasting time, and for this you need a suitable place and a bathtub. The pressure of spraying with the hose should not be too high for the pattern to be formed. 
Dryer:It should be known that a hair dryer or air conditioner provides great convenience in drying the emulsion applied to the silk and drying the washed mold after exposure. But the temperature should not exceed 40 degrees. It is inconvenient to dry the silk in an extremely hot environment, both during the drying of the emulsion and after the bath. Silk threads may shrink and deteriorate.